Theories of Leadership

Expert and Staff Development FSPSD200 Leadership Theory Simplified Allisen Penn Assistant Professor  ­ Leadership Development â€Å"Pop leadership† reasoning has large amounts of our way of life today. Book shops have retires brimming with books on leaderâ ­ transport. Pioneers and administration are talked about every day on teleâ ­ vision, radio, papers, magazines and on the web. Subsequently, many blended messages about administration are communicated. So †how would you choose what is precise? Peruse within front of an authority book and you may find that the book is more about manageâ ­ ment and business than initiative. An agazine or paper may simply communicate the assessment of a well known individual about initiative. While the point of view of a notable chief or the understanding offered in a book might be important, you might need to ask †is this data upheld by look into? A comprehension of the current initiative research may assist you with molding yo ur own conclusion about what is acceptable administration. When you figure out what is acceptable leaderâ ­ transport, you can start to build up your own initiative methodology. Arkansas Is Our Campus Visit our site at: http://www. uaex. edu What is authority? There are nearly the same number of meanings of leaderâ ­ hip as there are books and sentiments about administration. You might need to characterize authority for yourself. Compose your meaning of initiative: A generally acknowledged meaning of administration is a procedure utilized by a person to impact a gathering of individuals toward a shared objective (Bass, 1990; Howell and Costley, 2001). Maxwell (1993) basically expresses that initiative is impact. The accompanying outline of administration hypotheses is planned to give a summation of a portion of the examination led on authority over the most recent 50 years. There is a rundown of proposed perusing (page 4) to assist you with getting familiar with the hypotheses cap request to you. College of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating Seven Common Views of Leadership Describe underneath: There are some regular convictions, which incorporate both reality and fiction, about administration that can be summed up into seven perspectives on initiative (Lee and King, 2001). 1. The Genetic View †Some individuals are brought into the world with authority abilities and others are most certainly not. Just certain individuals can figure out how to lead viably; they are naturals. On the off chance that you don't have this inalienable ability, there is no other option for you. 2. The Learned View †If you study administration arefully and practice, you can figure out how to be a successful pioneer, regardless of whom you are. One might say, this is something contrary to the hereditary view. This view is regular in the military and among administration improvement experts. 3. The Heroic View †The main great pioneers are the individuals who perform brave, savvy and compasâ ­ sionate accomplishments that all of us can’t. Think about the film jobs played by Gary Cooper, Jimmy Stewart and John Wayne. The observation is this is the sort of pioneers who get all of us in the clear. 4. The Top-Only View †Leadership just occurs at or near the highest point of an organization.Everyone else â€Å"just follows orders. † If you are not the chief, you are nothing. On the off chance that you are the chief, you are all that anybody could want. Being â€Å"the boss† is a definitive objective. 5. The Social Script View †When it is your legitimate go to be the pioneer, you will be inquired. When asked, you ought to acknowledge and be appreciative. All things considered, not every person is inquired. This methodology is normal in proficient affiliations and municipal or network associations. 6. The Position View †If you are in the activity and have the title, you are a pioneer. This thought is tradiâ ­ tional in administrations and profoundly organized rganizations and conveys some legitimacy even in the best frameworks. In the event that your title is stated â€Å"director of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"head of†¦,† your initiative excellencies are expected. 7. The Calling View †Although not really a strict encounter, a â€Å"call† to lead can be very convincing. This idea proposes that pioneers have a feeling of crucial reason. Do any of these sound natural to you? Which one of these perspectives have you encountered? Each pioneer is unique, and no single hypothesis works for all pioneers. Start to build up your own administration approach by becoming familiar with the accompanying initiative hypotheses. †¢ Great man Trait Behavioral Contingency Transactional Transformational Great Man. Scientists who bolster the Great Man hypothesis accept that individuals are destined to authority. This may incorporate individua ls from eminence, high-positioning military officials and industry heads. Today, numerous individuals despite everything hold this conventional conviction, and despite the fact that this hypothesis may sound oldfashioned, inquire about recommends that a few people have character attributes, practices and information that loan themselves to administration (Yaverbaum and Sherman, 2008). Examining well known illustrious, military or industry pioneers may give you a few instruments that help ou build up your own administration capacities. Attribute Theory. Like the Great Man hypothesis, Trait hypothesis recommends that the attributes or the character of an individual may make them a compelling pioneer. A few scholastics accept that potential chiefs can be spotted by considering the character qualities of the individual and coordinating them to the attributes of real pioneers. Quality hypothesis was nearly surrendered by authority specialists as initiative research advanced, however in t he previous barely any years, there has been a recharged intrigue and more research identified with Trait hypothesis. Initiative qualities incorporate physical or foundation raits, individual or capacity attributes or potentially assignment or social characteristics, for example, †¢ Articulate Committed Decisive Determined †¢ Educated Energetic Integrity Intelligence Persistence Responsible Social Status Self-Confident James Kouzes and Barry Posner, creators of The Leadership Challenge, met 75,000 individuals to recognize the best ten qualities required in a pioneer. Their rundown incorporates the accompanying attributes: †¢ Broad-disapproved of Competent Dependable Fair-disapproved Forward-looking Honest Inspiring Intelligent Supportive Straightforward All of these qualities are not character raits. Numerous analysts state you don’t must be brought into the world with these attributes. Truth be told, you can build up a portion of these qualities as a component of your own authority approach. Conduct Theory. Conduct hypothesis centers around what a powerful pioneer â€Å"does. † Leadership isn't something you are brought into the world with, nor do you need a lot of regularly acknowledged characteristics. Be that as it may, successful leaderâ ­ transport is subject to the correct conduct. Analysts recommended that for a pioneer to be successful, their conduct must differ with the circumstance. As it were, you can figure out the proper behavior like a pioneer. that coordinate their ability.The pioneer gives instructing, course, inspiration and compensations for the devotees. †¢ Situational Theory suggests that various circumstances call for various types of administration. This requires the pioneer to change their style to the capacities of their adherents. Value-based Theory. Value-based authority necessitates that the pioneer and supporter consent to an agreement. The devotee is liable for following requests to play out an e rrand. The pioneer, thus, provides prizes for following requests in finishing the assignment. Value-based authority proposes that individuals possibly complete assignments when there are outer rewards.However, numerous individuals achieve errands and arrive at objectives due to their own inside inspiration. Transformational Theory. Transformational initiative is a procedure wherein the pioneer draws in others, constructs trust and makes an association that builds the inspiration and ethical quality in both the pioneer and the devotee. (Northouse, 2001). A transâ ­ formational pioneer centers around others and their needs so as to assist them with arriving at their latent capacity. From multiple points of view, transformational administration is about a leader’s capacity to make a dream identified with an objective that has significance for both the pioneer and follower.Personalizing Leadership Which of these hypotheses has the most intrigue to you? Compose a depiction about how and when you would utilize the hypothesis, with whom, where and what abilities you may need to figure out how to be increasingly viable. What hypothesis? Conduct speculations depend on classifications of conduct and initiative sorts. The legend in this reasoning is that outward conduct is sufficient to set up administration. During the 1970s, look into discovered a large portion of the Behavior hypothesis research to be invalid (Howell and Costley, 2001; Yaverbaum and Sherman, 2008); in any case, administration conduct is still much of the time discussed.Contingency Theory. In an increasingly dynamic way to deal with initiative, Contingency hypothesis recomâ ­ repairs coordinating a leader’s style to the privilege situâ ­ ation, which includes coordinating to the group of individuals and objectives. Two basic Contingency speculations are Path-Goal hypothesis and Situational hypothesis. †¢ Path-Goal Theory suggests that successful pioneers assist devotees with arriv ing at objectives through inspiration by including them in satisfying and important assignments How would you intend to utilize what you have realized? When will you use what you realized? References and Suggested Reading Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill’s Handbook ofLeadership: Theory Research and Managerial Application. New York: Free Press. Howell, J. P. , and D. L. Costley (2001). Understanding Behaviors for Effective Leadership. Seat River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. With whom do you intend to utilize what you realized? Kouzes, J. M. , and B. Z. Posner (2002). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Lee, R. J. , and S. N. Ruler (2001). Finding the Leader in You: A Guide to Realizing Your Personal Leadership Poten

Porters National Competitive Advantage Diamond

Watchmen National Competitive Advantage Diamond Fraser Neave holding Bhd. was consolidated at year 1883 when originators John Fraser and David Chalmers Neave shaped an organization named Singapore Straits Aerated Water Company in Singapore. Hardly any years after the fact, FN was united and enter the food drink industry. FN has its own vision to turn into the main all out drink organization in Malaysia and the area and their central goal is to be a world-class worldwide endeavor giving better returns than their investors, brilliant incentive for their clients and a remunerating profession for their representatives. FN Company is one of the Malaysia notable refreshment organization which the well known item is the isotonic beverages 100plus propelled at year 1984. FN produce wide scope of refreshment that can be named soda pops, dairies, non-carbonated drinks just as independent business property. They were propelling the improved consolidated filled milk in year 1973, and the securing of Nestlã ©s canned milk business in Thailand and Malaysia in year 2007. Other than that FN top notch canned milk was likewise increase great notoriety in Malaysia. This item is generally use as refreshment blenders in espresso, tea and chocolate beverages and now canned milk has effectively to send out this item to in excess of 20 nations around the globe. Also, the halal accreditation offers solid consolation to Muslim clients in the developing Halal markets in the Middle East and Africa. FN Company was granted The Readers Digest Trusted Brand from year 2005 to 2008, Media Magazine Top 1000 Asian Brands 2007, etc. It demonstrates that their client was sure when utilizing their items since they are worry about their wellbeing and security quality. FN Company was consistently improve their quality and brands to difficulties the commercial center and to turn into the pioneer. FN Company is likewise notable organization that thinking about the social condition and workplace. They actualized and executed different natural stewardship and propelled various reusing efforts in schools to instill great ecological propensities among youngsters and therefore, make mindfulness on the significance of reusing. FN Company additionally set-up a RM1.2 million assets named Chairmans Award to elevate instructive greatness and to perceive high-achievers among offspring of FN Groups workers. FN Company has accomplished a security record of zero mishap (no misfortune time mishap) gathered from 1 February 2007 to 21 September 2009 with an all out 962 days or 2.3 million working hours. Regarding its natural consistence episode and accomplished zero ecological consistence status. Vermin Crucial: be a world-class global endeavor giving better returns than our investors, amazing an incentive for our clients and a remunerating profession for our representatives. Vision: To turn into the main complete drink organization in Malaysia and the area. Each organization has their crucial vision articulation filled in as generally speaking motivation behind business. The crucial vision explanation above are set by FN. There are outside ecological issues have or will influence FN to accomplish their main goal. These outer natural issues are being classified by PEST(EL) model. PEST(EL) model is to examine the outside condition issues of organization. It arranged condition issues into political, financial, social, mechanical, biological and lawful impacts. Monetary Improving development prospect of Malaysia, Thailand and the locale carries more salary to FN as is signals economy are in acceptable condition and people groups are happy to spend subsequently will build deals in that specific district. The development possibilities remember ascending of Malaysia GDP for year 2010 that is around 10% contrast with 4.5% in 2009 that ascent from some main consideration of assembling industry creation with a twofold digit development of 16.9% in year 2010. ASEAN nations are developing fast in their economy consequently placing FN an ideal factor in developing of benefits. FN has developed positive shopper conclusion to their item. For instance 100PLUS, isotonic beverage that is particular for athletes to hold the digestion. It is an idea all around assembled that it is casted a ballot number 1 isotonic beverages in Malaysia since its presentation in 1983. That very much assembled positive slant brings others beverages of FN to be well attractive. It is the customer feeling to the items upgraded the benefit factor of FN towards other contender along these lines is at a favorable position in the market. Political Government had put activity to support going through of customer with new financial model (NEM), with this model being seek after, Malaysia monetary lift as buyer buying power increments and are encouraged to spend. FN will get advantage by give merchandise to be offered to the market consequently boosting deals. FN items are on the whole Halal consequently are entitled for Halal Hub Tax Incentive. The motivator offered had diminished FN some level of assessment risk to the administration. It made FN progressively gainful contrast with those organizations which doesn't equipped for the motivating force. Government has reclaimed some motivator in year 2009, the withdrawal of appropriation of fuel and sugar has put an effect on FN as the vast majority of the FN center organizations required huge measure of sugar which is dairies and soda pop business. The withdrawal of sugar appropriation bring down the general benefit of the FN in spite of the fact that there is an enormous improve a deals yet the benefit doesnt show a lot of progress as the sugar cost increments. Withdrawals of fuel did likewise affect on FN as the expense of their interior and outer dissemination cost expands in this way decreases benefit. Innovative In the start of 2011, FN presented new item, Ice Mountain and it has quicker offer increase among bottler waters player which built up 5% piece of the overall industry in Malaysia. FN propelled new refreshment Zesta across Malaysia in October 2011.Zesta has amazingly incredible tasting berry soft drink seasoned pop. It substance the Guarana tropical berries that begin from Amazon, South America. What's more, Guarana tropical berries strengthen the body and psyche. Zesta is an augmentation of our effectively enormous exhibit of FN drinks, a refreshment that was started to supplement our current scope of FN brands, making a change vehicle for our developing band of customers, said Dato Ng Jui Sia, CEO of Fraser Neave Holdings Bhd. FN accepts that Zesta is the delineation of developing patterns for refreshment upgraded pop. (Zesta 2011) Ecological Sichuan Earthquake of May 2008 has caused the crude material cost increment and companys benefit is influenced. Catastrophic event is past desire and control of the organization. Benefit before intrigue and assessment in 2008 became just 5%. This natural factor has influenced organization to accomplish their central goal. Catastrophic event would fill in as deterrent that FN give better returns than investors. Watchmen 5 powers Today, Fraser Neave Holdings Bhd (FN) has broadened business at in excess of 20 nations worldwide and set up itself as a territorial player. So that, FN need use Porters five powers model to investigation and understanding the idea of the serious condition. FN has a ton of advantages from utilizing Porters five powers model. They can guarantee that administration thinks about a wide scope of potential effects when contriving procedure. They permit the division of the work in ecological examination and settle on choice in time. Not just that, Porters five power likewise creating successful procedures to raise FN gainfulness, power, and serious situation in an industry. Watchmen five powers is partitioned into danger of section, force of serious contention, danger of substitute item, dealing intensity of purchaser and bartering intensity of providers. Danger of passage Danger of passage is new contestants into market will bring additional limit and escalate rivalry. The quality of the danger from new contestants will rely on the quality of the hindrances to passage and the imaginable reaction of existing rivalry to another participant. FN produce two new soda pop FN Clearly Citrus and Zesta were propelled in soda showcase at year 2011. Zesta and FN Clearly Citrus are getting client care and the new delivers additionally have a more appeal from the purchaser. Zesta deals would make other contender have entered the soft drink showcase, it will make a danger for the FN influence the market deals. In this way, FN ought to protectively contender who are entered the soft drink market to making obstructions that new participants to the market discover hard to survive. This can guarantee the Zesta deals would not influence and guarantee the expand investors riches. FN ready to involve in the Malaysia soft drink showcase a significant job. FN have 90% item are utilizing sugar to create, with the goal that sugars expenses involve a greater amount of the material expense. Early government dispersion sugar endowment to sugar provider that FN can utilize a lower cost to buys sugar. This can spare a great deal of pointless costs, so FN can utilize a lower cost to sell them soda and dairy item. Government evacuates all sugar sponsorships since year 2011 up to this point. The genuine increment in sugar costs had a significant effect, along with the worldwide product cost increment, and prompted an inescapable 25 percent cost increment of Sweetened Condensed Milk. This difference in government spending makes FN confronting an incredible emergency and bartering intensity of provider. Dealing intensity of provider Dealing intensity of providers definition with the more grounded intensity of providers in an industry the more troublesome it is for firms inside that segment to make a benefit. It is on the grounds that providers can decide the terms and conditions on which business is directed. At the point when government evacuates the sugar appropriations, FN need to research and assessment momentum sugar provider what value they giving and examination the expansion whether FN can acknowledged. FN ought to accomplish more research to discover another sugar provider who can give lower cost to them. FN additionally confronting sugar quality are not same contrast and current provider w

13 Questions You Should Be Asking about Updating Your References

13 Questions You Should Be Asking about Updating Your References National Update Your References Week It seems there are international and/or national weeks for just about everything, and the first week in May was, as proclaimed by Career Directors International, International Update Your References Week (UYRW). Why such a thing? CDI says UYRW “was created due to the importance of job seekers [sic] learning to maintain a network of warm contacts and references, in order to assist them in career change, employment, and growth.” CDI’s director, Laura DeCarlo, asserts that “up to 45% of employers check references, so it is necessary to be prepared to be asked for them.” Are You a Skeptic about National Anything Weeks? Even as a resume writer, my initial response to learning about International Update Your References Week was, “You’ve gotta be kidding. How much could there possibly be to do or say about references?” But then I thought about all the people reading my blog who might not have their references updated. I did a double-take for myself too: If I were to apply for employment somewhere, would my references be at my fingertips at the moment I needed them? I Need to Update My References The answer to that second question was … well … “mostly yes.” I’m connected with the majority of my past supervisors on LinkedIn, and recently had a nice chat with one of them just to catch up. When I travel to New York, I make an effort to visit my old stomping grounds in Brooklyn to stay in contact with the folks at CAMBA Legal Services. So why do I say “mostly”? Well, I have, embarrassingly enough, forgotten the name of my most recent supervisor at the University Of Wisconsin Law School’s Career Services Office. Prior to posting this article, I wrote to the man who was assistant director during my tenureâ€"someone I have stayed connected with through networkingâ€"and asked for his assistance in identifying her. Oops. From my own erroneous ways in the references department, I can confidently say that while updating your references is something that’s best done on an ongoing basis (just like being nice to your mother on days other than Mother’s Day, or showing love to your partner on days other than Valentine’s Day), it doesn’t hurt to give some extra attention to this project once a year. 13 Questions and Answers About Updating Your References Since Update Your References Week proved useful to me, I imagine it will be a wake-up call for some of you too! To that end, here are some questions you might have about updating your references, which are answered on the UYRW information page: Why do I need to provide references for an employer? Who makes a good reference? How many references do I need? What types of information do I list? Should I list references directly on my resume? Should I list “References Available Upon Request” on resume? What if I was fired from my last job? Do I need to list that employer as a reference? When do I send references? What if I can’t find all of my previous supervisors? Do I need to ask permission to use someone as a reference? Someone once suggested that I send a copy of my resume to all my references. Why should I do that? What if I don’t have any prior experience? CDI has thoroughly answered all those questions and I recommend you read the answers. You might be surprised by some of them! Another question came up recently for me: “Can I quote my references on my resume without asking for their specific permission to do so?” My answer to that is, “It depends.” If your reference has publicized their testimonial on LinkedIn, then their recommendation is fair game. If they have not, then best practice is to request their permission before putting their name on your resume, especially if a quote is attributed to them. This doesn’t mean you can’t use their rave review from an evaluation or other sourceâ€"but get their permission first, or, as an alternative, use their title only, without their name attached to it. Keeping It Personal Also missing from CDI’s list is a recommendation that I would like to make: Stay in contact with your references! Are you aware of your former boss’s career transitions? Family milestones? Remember, people will be most willing and enthusiastic about providing recommendations for you if you exhibit interest in them for more than their reference status. Staying in touch with your references will be particularly useful if they are prohibited by company policy from providing a recommendation, but can find a way around the rulesâ€"or if they move to another company, allowing them to provide a reference for the prior one. Do you have other questions about references? I will be happy to answer them even though Update Your Reference Week is over! I’d also love to hear how you would rate yourself on your communications with your references. Is it time to reach out to someone or find out what’s happening with their career or life? There’s no time like a national UYRW to do it!

The Economic Concept of Elasticity

Art Analysis Essay - 957 Words

Though most works of art have some underlying, deeper meaning attached to them, our first impression of their significance comes through our initial visual interpretation. When we first view a painting or a statue or other piece of art, we notice first the visual details – its size, its medium, its color, and its condition, for example – before we begin to ponder its greater significance. Indeed, these visual clues are just as important as any other interpretation or meaning of a work, for they allow us to understand just what that deeper meaning is. The expression on a statue’s face tells us the emotion and message that the artist is trying to convey. Its color, too, can provide clues: darker or lighter colors can play a role in how we†¦show more content†¦The Stele depicts a simple scene: a seated man and standing woman behind him stare blankly straight ahead. A woman standing on the left looks down upon them. All of them are ordinary humans. They are not gods or goddesses. They are private people. Their clothing is plain, consisting of simple robes. It is representational of a regular family mourning the loss of one of its members, a scene that most people, even today, are able to relate to hundreds or even thousands of years later. The stele conveys a solemn forlornness that can be seen in the figures’ faces. Their mouths are tightly shut; their eyes gaze blankly ahead. The woman on the left stares ahead with little emotion on her face. The stele does not depict any motion. All of the figures are standing (or sitting) still, in quiet memorial. This solemnity adds to the emotion of a grave where the stele once stood. There is no real clear answer as to who is being mourned. Are the seated man and the woman mourning the loss of their daughter, on the left? Or is the woman on the left mourning the loss of a father? The sculpture’s ambiguity also adds to the emotion that it evokes. It might even be appropriate for its purpose. 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Contemporary art is more socially conscious and philosophically all encompassing of several styles andRead MoreSwot Analysis : Culinary Arts1251 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Culinary arts are bound up with cookery which is related to food preparation and catering job such as chefs and cooks and people who work in catering industry can also called culinarian or culinary artist. Food science, nutrition and diet, table manners are essential knowledge of culinary artist for establishing restaurants or hotels. Culinary arts have developed since 1900’s by culinary arts institutes in Europe, America, and Asia. The main achievement of culinary arts institute is for

Eating Fast Food May Cause Obesity Free Essays

Elizabeth Collins English 1302 March 27, 2013 Eating Fast Food May Cause Obesity Most American eat out daily and fast food is fried and high in calories, the bottom line is it’s all about choices. Making the decision to choose fried, baked or grilled food is a choice. Fast food, namely McDonald’s, tends to get a bad rap, McDonald’s got a bad rap because it is not only convenient but they made their food look attractive and desirable to kids. We will write a custom essay sample on Eating Fast Food May Cause Obesity or any similar topic only for you Order Now They placed those golden arches high in the air on the bright neon sign, and they put toys in their happy meals. While McDonald’s happy meals was not the most nutritious, now there are options as to what you can put in a kids happy meal. Statistics show that more than two-third of United States adults are obese: â€Å"Currently 58% of adults and 39% of children are classified as overweight or obese. † (4). Younger adults are less like to be obesity than adults at age sixty. In 1999-2000 obesity among boys increased from fourteen percent to eighteen point six percent in 2009-2010; there was no significance change among girls. In 1999-2000 obesity rate was 13. 8% and 15. % in 2009-2010. Then in 2007-2010 there was no change in general in obesity among boys and girls. Around 25% of children are overweight or obese. Most children that are obese in their childhood will be obese in their adult life. It is appropriate to say fast food may cause obesity. According to these statistics; this is because at most fast food restaurants you can up-size: medium, large, or super-size. Ordering oversized portions of servings may cause you to overeat. Although in the past McDonalds was blamed for a large part of obesity rate, McDonalds has made efforts to consciously make consumers more aware of what their food contains. It has also made more choices available, with much better nutritional value. In comparison, KFC chicken pot pies has 790 calories in them and wouldn’t this much soda be higher in calories. Much like big business where there’s a need; there’s an opportunity to make money, but many fast food restaurants are putting more healthier choices on their menu: For instance, Chipotle, my fit foods, Fuddruckers, 2nd even Luby’s. Studies have been done to show the effect of fast food on obesity. Americans may be prone to other behaviors that affect obesity when they eat fast food. It is a concern that fast food restaurants close to schools lead more children to obesity. To begin with, Data is computed to determine how many miles the fast food restaurants is within distance of the school. Knowingly there is a fast food restaurant in the area; if the restaurant is very close to the school, its questionable how so and that is a good way to recognize the effect of fast food on obesity. Next, the studies monitor a rich set of school and area individuality in their analysis. Finally, over a period of time, these studies will vary. Not long ago I was asked to look at a choice between making a hot dog using a hot dog bun or using regular bread. The actual content of the hot dog is pretty ordinary, but the biggest difference can be made when choosing to eat an actual bun versus using bread for better or worse? Some people say fast food does not cause obesity. They say fast food restaurants have food now with less calories and a menu to show how many calories in the serving you are eating, and that fast food restaurants has more than doubled, because more American say it convenient to eat out than the go home and cook. While in the reports on popular press have repeatedly suggested that fast food is slightly to blame for the rise of the obesity rate in the U. S, it’s hard to show a connection between fast food and obesity. As an American, you have the ability to make healthier choices, so do it. With all things considered, you just need to know what to order and watch the amount of calories you take in. On salads, try using Balsamic Vinaigrette instead of Ranch or Thousand Island. Consider picking grilled chicken over breaded. Maybe try eating a sandwich without any type of dressing, or just try exercising at least twice a week. Yes; fast food can cause obesity, but it’s all about the choices we make. Work Cited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Jan. 2011. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. http://www. cdc. gov/nchs/about. htm. â€Å"How Is Fast Food Contributing to Obesity in America? † LIVESTRONG. COM. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. http://www. livestrong. com/article/457854-how-is-fast-food-contributing-to-obesity-in-america/. â€Å"Obesity Facts. † Obesity Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. http://www. obesity-info. com/. â€Å"The National Bureau of Economic Research. † The National Bureau of Economic Research. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. http://www. nber. org/. How to cite Eating Fast Food May Cause Obesity, Essays

Solomons Temple Was Constructed Around 966 BC, At Mount Moria, Out Of

Solomon's temple was constructed around 966 BC, at Mount Moria, out of the finest wood and metals. The temple remained there for almost four hundred years when it was destroyed by the army of Nabuchodonozor in 586 BC. In Hebrew, it is called Bet Yehovah, meaning house of Jehovah, the New Testament calls it oikos, meaning the house, and in Latin it was called cella, meaning the most holy place of the temple. The temple was constructed on the highest point in the land, surrounded by courts and royal palaces. The story of the temple begins with King Solomon's father, King David. He commanded that all of his people should be counted. One day, he saw an angel, sent by God, to strike down all of the people as a punishment for David's pride. King David repented and bought the land where he saw the angel. He gathered treasures from foreign lands and his people to build a great temple to God, but his son Solomon did the actual construction. He went to Hiram, King Tyre in Phoenicia to hire workers since the Jews were not skilled in the arts. He hired experts in masonry, brass working and carpentry. The measurement used to construct the temple was the cubit. Even though there are many different translations of exactly how long a cubit is, my research shows that it was roughly one foot, five and three fourth inches. Construction of the temple was finally completed seven and a half years after it started with a dedication from King Solomon. The interior of the temple had two chambers, which were not equal in length. The height of both chambers was twenty cubits, however the first chamber was longer by twenty cubits. The first one was called the hekal, which means Holy Place. Inside this room was a golden table that priests would place the loaves of proposition on every Sunday. There were also five candles on both sides of the room. These candles were made of pure gold and were each fueled by seven oil lamps. To the East was a pentagonal door six cubits wide, which entered into the second chamber called the debir, which means Holy of Holies. This room contained the sacred, Ark of the Covenant. Inside the ark was a vessel of mana, the rod of Aaron and the two tablets, which had the ten laws given to Moses by God in the desert, written on them. The walls of both chambers were lined with cedar wood, coated with gold. The floor was made of fur wood, covered with gold chains. Above these chambers was another area, ten cubits high, but no record says what this was used for. The flat roof was made of beams and planks of cedar wood. Some archaeologists believe that it may have been arched since such a surface would have easily leaked, but records say that it was flat. Both chambers had windows, but they were not made to let light into the rooms, rather, they were made to bring fresh air in and take smoke from the burning incense out. The entire temple sat on a large stone platform, which stuck out five cubits around the base. At the front of the building were ten steps that led up to the door. On both sides of the stairs were two large brass pillars. The pillar to the right was called Jachin, meaning, he will establish, and the pillar on the left was called Booz, meaning, in strength. The pillars did not support the temple but were for decoration. Outside the temple was a courtyard called the court of the priests. On each side of the temple, the courtyards were twenty cubits wide and in front, the courtyard was one hundred cubits square. The grounds of the courtyards were made of large stone slabs. In the front courtyard, right before the steps entering the temple was the altar of holocausts. This was a layered structure used to burn goats and other animals for sacrifice. The courtyard also had something called the sea of molten. It was a large basin used by priests for ritualistically washing themselves before they performed sacrifices. When Solomon constructed the temple, there wasn't any wall to

November Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

November Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays November is the month of Thanksgiving and some of the best inventions that made their official public debut with the registration of their patents, trademarks, or copyrights. Literary works, new methods of manufacturing, and new products all made their appearance for the first time in November. Throughout history, the 11th month of the year has also been when many great  inventors and scientists were born, and you can find out which famous figures and inventions share your November birthday below. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights From the birth of Apple Jacks cereal  to several special  Thanksgiving  Day inventions, there are many great creations that got their official start with the registration of their patents, trademarks, and copyrights in the month of November. November 1 1966: Apple Jacks cereal was trademark registered. November 2 1955: Jim Hensons Kermit the Frog, the first Muppet, was copyright registered. November 3 1903: Listerine was trademark registered. November 4 1862: Richard Gatling received a patent for the machine gun. November 5 1901:  Henry Ford received a patent for a motor carriage. November 6 1928: Colonel Jacob Schick patented the first electric razor. November 7 1955: The movie Guys and Dolls, based on stories by Damon Runyon,  was copyright registered. November 8 1956: Cecile B Demilles The Ten Commandments was copyright registered. November 9 1842: George Bruce received the first design patent for printing typefaces. November 10 1981: The board game Trivial Pursuit was registered. November 11 1901:  NABISCO, the snack food manufacturer, was trademark registered. November 12 1940: Batman, the original comic strip, was trademark registered. November 13 1979:  Robert Jarvik was granted a patent for an artificial heart. November 14 1973: Patsy Sherman and Samuel Smith obtained a patent for a method for treating carpets known as Scotchguard. November 15 1904: Patent Number 775,134 was granted to King C. Gillette for a safety razor. November 16 1977: Stephen Spielbergs Close Encounters of the Third Kind was copyright registered. November 17 1891:  Emile Berliner was issued a patent for a combined telegraph and telephone. November 18 1952:  ELMERS glue was trademark registered. November 19 1901:  Granville Woods was issued a patent for a third rail to operate electrified railways. November 20 1923: Patent Number 1,475,024 was granted to Garrett Morgan for a traffic signal. November 21 1854: Issac Von Bunschoten patented a rosin-oil lamp. November 22 1904: Design patent for the Congressional Medal of Honor was granted to George Gillespie. November 23 1898:  Andrew Beard was granted a patent for a railway car coupler. November 24 1874: Patent Number 157,124 was granted to Joseph Glidden for barbed wire fencing. November 25 1975: Robert S. Ledley was granted patent Number 3,922,522 for diagnostic X-ray systems known as the CAT-Scan. November 26 1895: Russell Penniman received a patent for a transparent photographic film. November 27 1894: Mildred Lord was granted a patent for a washing machine. November 28 1905: ARM HAMMER baking soda was trademark registered. November 29 1881: Francis Blake was granted a patent for the speaking phone. November 30 1858: John Mason patented the screw neck bottle called the Mason Jar. November Birthdays From Marie Curie, who discovered radium, to the Fourth Earl of Sandwich, who invented the sandwich, November has given birth to a number of influential scientists and inventors throughout history. Listed by date and year they were born, the following famous figures changed the world with the accomplishments they made in their lifetimes. November 1 1950: Robert B. Laughlin  was an American physicist who won the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics for producing  body wave function in the  fractional quantum Hall effect.1880: Alfred L Wegener was a German meteorologist that revealed the continental shift.1878: Carlos Saavedra Lamas was an Argentinian who was the first to be awarded the Latin American Nobel Peace Prize in 1936. November 2 1929: Amar Bose was an electrical engineer with a Ph.D. from MIT and the founder and chairman of Bose Corporation, which patented advanced speakers that mimic being inside a concert hall.1942: Shere Hite is an author and sex therapist, who wrote the Hite Report. November 3 1718: John Montague was the Fourth Earl of Sandwich and the inventor of the  sandwich. November 4 1912: Pauline Trigere was the fashion designer that created bell-bottom pants.1923: Alfred Heineken was a beer brewer that founded Heineken  beer. November 5 1534: Carlos Saavedra Lamas was a German botanist and physician who wrote the first horticulture catalog.1855: Leon P Teisserenc de Bort was a French meteorologist who discovered the existence of Earths stratosphere.1893: Raymond Loewy was an American industrial designer that designed everything from Coca-Cola vending machines to  Pennsylvania Railroads S1 steam locomotive.1930: Frank Adams was a British mathematician, who greatly advanced concepts of  homotopy theory.1946:  Patricia K Kuhl is a speech and hearing scientist and a major contributor to the neuroscience, language acquisition, and speech recognition communities. November 6 1771: Alois Senefelder invented  lithography.1814: Adolphe Sax was the Belgium musician who invented the saxophone.1861:  James Naismith  invented the rules of basketball. November 7 1855: Edwin H. Hall was an American physicist who discovered the Hall effect.1867: Marie Curie  was the French scientist who discovered radium and won the Nobel Prize in 1903 and 1911.1878: Lise Meitner was the Austrian-Swedish physicist who discovered protactinium.1888: Chandrasekhara Raman was the Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics for his advancements in the study of light scattering in 1930.1910: Edmund Leach was a British social anthropologist who greatly influenced the field of British structural-functionalism.1950: Alexa Canady was the first black woman to become a neurosurgeon. November 8 1656: English astronomer Edmund Halley discovered the Halley comet.1922: Christiaan Barnard was a South African surgeon who performed the first heart transplant.1923:  Jack Kilby  was an American scientist who  invented the integrated circuit (the microchip).1930: Edmund Happold was the structural engineer who founded engineering constituency. November 9 1850: Lewis Lewin was a German toxicologist who is considered the father of psychopharmacologist.1897: Ronald G. W. Norrish was a British chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1967 for the development of flash photolysis.1906: Arthur Rudolph was a German rocket engineer who helped develop the American space program. November 10 1819: Cyrus West Field financed the first transatlantic cable.1895: John Knudsen Northrop was an aircraft designer who founded Northrop Air.1918: Ernst Fischer is the German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1973 for pioneering the field of organometallic chemistry. November 11 1493: Paracelsus was the  Swiss scientist who is known as the father of toxicology. November 12 1841: John W. Rayleigh was the English physicist won the Nobel prize in 1904 for discovering argon. November 13 1893: Edward A. Doisy Sr. was an American biochemist who invented a way to manufacture Vitamin K1 and won the Nobel prize in 1943.1902: Gustav von Koenigswald was a paleontologist who found Pithecanthropus erectus. November 14 1765:  Robert Fulton  built the first steamboat.1776: Henri Dutrochet discovered and named the process of osmosis.1797: Charles Lyell was  a Scottish geologist who wrote The Principles of Geology.1863:  Leo Baekeland  was a Belgian-American chemist who invented the  bakelite. November 15 1793: Michel Chasles was a  French mathematician who  specialized in geometry. November 16 1857: Henry Potonie was a German geologist who studied coal formation. November 17 1906: Soichiro Honda was the founder and first CEO of the Honda Motor Company.1902: Eugene Paul Wigner was a  Mathematician and physicist and the co-inventor of the A-Bomb who won the Nobel Prize in 1963. November 18 1839: August A. Kundt was a  German physicist who researched sound vibration and invented the test of Kundt.1897: British physicist, Patrick M. S. Blackett invented a nuclear reaction won the Nobel Prize in 1948.1906: American physiologist/biologist, George Wald won the Nobel prize in 1967. November 19 1912: George E Palade is cell biologist who discovered ribosomes and won the Nobel Prize in 1974.1936: Yuan T. Lee is a Taiwanese chemist who was the first from the country to win a Nobel Prize for his work on the dynamics of chemical elementary processes. November 20 1602: Otto von Guericke invented the air pump.1886: Karl von Frisch was a zoologist and bee expert who won the Nobel Prize in 1973.1914: Emilio Pucci is an Italian fashion designer known for his prints.1916: Robert A. Bruce was a pioneer in exercise cardiology. November 21 1785: William Beaumont was a surgeon who was first to research digestion.1867: Vladimir N. Ipatiev was a  Russian petroleum chemist who made huge advancements in the field. November 22 1511: Erasmus Reinhold was the German mathematician who calculated planetary table.1891: Erik Lindahl was a  Swedish economist who wrote The Theory of Money and Capital.1919: Wilfred Norman Aldridge was a biochemist and toxicologist. November 23 1924: Colin Turnbull was an anthropologist and one of the first ethnomusicologist who wrote The Forest People and The Mountain People.1934: Rita Rossi Colwell is an  environmental microbiologist  whos known around the world for her research. November 24 1953: Tod Machover is an  American composer who invented the use of new technology in music. November 25 1893: Joseph Wood Krutch was an American environmentalist and writer whose nature books on the American Southwest and critiques of reductionistic science made him famous.1814: Julius Robert Mayer was a  German scientist who was one of the founders of thermodynamics.1835: Andrew Carnegie was an industrialist and a noted philanthropist. November 26 1607: John Harvard was a clergyman and scholar who founded Harvard University.1876:  Willis Haviland Carrier  invented air-conditioning equipment.1894: Norbert Wiener was the American mathematicians who invented cybernetics.1913: Joshua William Steward invented polymath. November 27 1701: Anders Celsius was a Swedish scientist who invented the centigrade temperature scale.1894: Forrest Shaklee founded Shaklee Products.1913: Frances Swem Anderson was a technologist who researched nuclear medicine.1955: Scientist actor, Bill Nye is a scientist and actor who hosts a show on Netflix about science based on his original Bill Nye the Science Guy show from the 80s and 90s. November 28 1810: William Froude was an English engineer and a naval architect.1837:  John Wesley Hyatt  invented celluloid.1854: Gottlieb J. Haberlandt was a German botanist who discovered plant tissue cultures. November 29 1803: Christian Doppler was an Austrian physicist who invented Doppler effect radar.1849:  John Ambrose Fleming  invented the first practical electron tube called the Fleming Valve and the vacuum tube diode.1911: Klaus Fuchs was a British atomic physicist who was arrested for being a spy.1915: Earl W. Sutherland was the American pharmacologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1971 for discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the actions of hormones. November 30 1827: Ernest H. Baillon was a French botanist who wrote The History of Plants.1889: Edgar D. Adrian was an  English physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1932 for his work on neurons.1915: Henry Taube was a chemist who won the Nobel prize in 1983 for his work  in the mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.

Difference Between Oxidation State and Oxidation Number

Difference Between Oxidation State and Oxidation Number Oxidation state and oxidation number are quantities that commonly equal the same value for atoms in a molecule and are often used interchangeably. Most of the time, it doesnt matter if the term oxidation state or oxidation number is used.There is a slight difference between the two terms.Oxidation state refers to the degree of oxidation of an atom in a molecule. In other words, oxidation state is the charge of an atom if all bonds it formed were ionic bonds. Each atom of the molecule will have a distinct oxidation state for that molecule where the sum of all the oxidation states will equal the overall electrical charge of the molecule or ion. Each atom is assigned an oxidation state value based on predetermined rules based on electronegativity and periodic table groups. If a molecule has a neutral charge, the sum of all oxidation states of its atoms must equal zero. For example, in the molecule FeCl3, each chlorine atom has an oxidation state of -1, while the iron atom has an oxidation state of 3. The three chlorine atoms cancel out the one iron atom, leaving a net charge of 0.Oxidation numbers are used in coordination complex chemistry. They refer to the charge the central atom would have if all ligands and electron pairs shared with the atom were removed.

Wal-Marts employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wal-Marts employees - Essay Example Given its big size and rapid expansion, Wal-Mart increasingly sets the standard for wages and benefits through the U.S. economy. Considering its market influence, the company sets the standards of what retailers pay to their workers. The problem is; this pay is not satisfactory enough for retail workers. It is interesting to note that for a company which averages $6.6 billion annual profit, the average hourly worker at Wal-Mart earns barely $18,000 annually (Karen, 602). Wal-Mart most of the time forces employees to work overtime without pay. Supervisors are pressured by company headquarters to keep payroll low, regularly deleted hours from time records and reports. As stated by Jennifer McLaughlin-one of the company’s employees-40% of the employees opt not to receive coverage under the company’s medical plan, which costs up to $2,844 annually. The company was also faced with sex discrimination lawsuit whereby it was accused on favoring male as compared to female when i t comes to promotions and equal pay (Karen, 605). In order to fight for their rights and to make their voices heard, workers launched a massive drive to organize a union at Wal-Mart, demanding better wages and working conditions. To counter the union drives, Wal-Mart’s management responded to the union drive by trying to stop workers from forming the union. This was against the federal labor law and in several accessions, the company had been declared guilty of interrogating workers confiscating union and firing union supporters by the National Labor Relations Board. For the company, the formation of the union will is a violation of the company’s policy (Singh and Neeraj, 65). To protect the bottom line Wal-Mart is as aggressive at fighting off unions as it is at cutting costs. The employees approached by co-workers about joining a union were scared to talk.  

Unit 3IP Green Power Sources Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3IP Green Power Sources - Research Paper Example Inherent conversion losses that lead to energy wastage also result from the power distribution and usage (Patrick, 5). Given that the sum of energy is constant, energy conservation can be achieved by maintaining high efficiencies in the machines used during energy conversion in order to minimize the amount of energy wasted during conversion. Adaptive power control can be adopted at the user end that will substantially reduce energy wastage and loss through the use of light loads. With adaptive power control, a tremendous amount of energy can be conversed since there is an automatic monitoring and control of energy consumption by optimizing the light load efficiency. The current appliances used at home only utilizes about 20-50% of load for a significant amount of time leading to lots of energy wastage. Adaptive control ensures an optimized light load efficiency through the use of automatic switching of the appliances and devices (Patrick, 23). Fossil fuel includes oil, natural gas and coal. The combustion fossil fuel generates high amount of energy that is considered to be of high efficiency. Fossil fuel is easily available and their conversion into a usable form is simple. Coal is cheap as compared to the other energy sources and can be easily transported from one point to the other. Transportation of oil and natural gas over long distances is also easy through the use of pipelines. Coal is plentiful and is easily available in addition to its low costs of extraction and processing. A major disadvantage of fossil fuel is pollution. The processing and conversion of fossil fuel into a usable energy form releases hazardous gasses in addition to the greenhouse gasses released during their consumption. The greenhouse gasses released causes global warming and acidic rain. Oil spills in deep sea destroys the aquatic ecosystem. Oil drilling and excavation is quite

Introduction To Bulk Carriers And Cargo Operations Engineering Essay

Introduction To Bulk Carriers And Cargo Operations Engineering Essay Introduction to Bulk Carriers Bulk Carriers are designed primarily for the transportation of solid bulk cargoes. Leading bulk cargoes are coal, iron ore, phosphate, nitrate and grains such as wheat. The carriage of cargo in bulk reduces packaging costs and loading and unloading operations can be speeded up.  In many cases bulk cargoes are found in countries away from where they are required. Bulk carriers are built to various sizes and classified as Handymax/Panamax/Cape-sized bulkers etc. They also vary in types like geared bulkers, self-unloaders, combination carriers etc. Bulk carriers today form a high percentage of world trade. Bulk cargoes carried by them are subject to hazards because of which there are various codes in place for the safety of operating Bulk Carriers. They comprise of the BC Code, International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain Code).   Like the original grain rules, the Code is to prevent the particular qualities of grain threatening the stability of ships when it is carried in bulk.  Ã‚   The revised BC Code deals with types of cargoes which may liquefy, materials which possess chemical hazards, and materials which fall into neither of these categories but may nevertheless pose other dangers.   The Code highlights dangers associated with certain types of cargoes giving information on their properties and how to handle them. Various test procedures are stated as well to determine properties of the cargo. The Code also lays importance on how cargoes should be properly distributed so as not to overstress the structure and maintain an adequate standard of stability. All bulk cargoes when loaded have an angle or repose which determines if the cargo is prone to shift. Unlike high dense cargoes such as iron ore cargoes like grain have a low angle of repose whereby the code states precautions to take so that the cargo movement does not affect the vessels stability. For cargoes with low angle of repose, the Code states that such cargoes should be trimmed reasonably and the holds should be filled fully as far as possible without resulting in excessive weight on the supporting structure. The  trimming also helps to cut oxidation by reducing the surface area exposed to the atmosphere thus preventing spontaneous combustion. The code states dangers related with different types of cargoes, like some cargoes are liable to oxidation where as others may emit toxic fumes without oxidation or when wet.   The code gives details of precautions that should be taken for these types of cargoes. The Code also gives details of the various sampling procedures and tests which should be used before transporting concentrates and similar materials and also recommended test procedures to be used by laboratories. A list of cargoes, which may liquefy is contained in appendix A to the Code, while appendix B gives an extensive list of materials possessing chemical hazards.   Appendix C deals with bulk cargoes which are neither liable to liquefy nor possess chemical hazards.   More detailed information concerning test procedures, associated apparatus and standards, which are referred to in the Code are contained in appendix D.   Emergency Schedules for those materials listed in appendix B are contained in appendix E.   Recommendations for entering cargo spaces, tanks, pump rooms, fuel tanks and similar enclosed compartments are shown in appendix F.   Procedures for gas monitoring of coal cargoes are contained in appendix G. Works Cited Isbester, J (1993), Bulk Carrier Practice IMO, (2004), BC Code Ship/Shore Safety checklist for loading or unloading dry bulk cargo carriers Dateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Portà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Terminal/Quayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Available depth of water in berthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Minimum air draughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Ships nameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Arrival draught (read/calculated)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Air draughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Calculated departure draughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Air draughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. The master and terminal manager, or their representatives, should complete the checklist jointly. Advice on points to be considered is given in the accompanying guidelines. The safety of operations requires that all questions should be answered affirmatively and the boxes ticked. If this is not possible, the reason should be given, and agreement reached upon precautions should be taken between ship and terminal. If a question is considered to be not applicable write N/A, explaining why if appropriate. SHIP TERMINAL Is the depth of the water at the berth, And the air draught, adequate for the Cargo operations to be completed? Are mooring operations adequate for all local effects of tide, current, Weather, traffic and craft alongside? In emergency, is the ship able to leave the berth at any time? Is there safe access between the Ship and the wharf? Tended by ship/terminalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (cross out as appropriate) Is the agreed ship or terminal communications system operative? Communication methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Languageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Radio channels/phone numbersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. SHIP TERMINAL Are the liaison contact persons during operations positively identified? Ship contact personsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Shore contact person(s)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Locationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Are adequate crew on board, and adequate staff in the terminal, for emergency? Have any bunkering operations been advised and agreed? Have any intended repairs to wharf or ship whilst alongside been advised and agreed? Has a procedure for reporting and recording damage from cargo operations been agreed? Has the ship been provided with copies of port and terminal regulations, including safety and pollution requirements and details of emergency services? Has the shipper provided the master with the properties of the cargo in accordance with the requirements of chapter VI of SOLAS? 13. Is the atmosphere safe in holds and enclosed spaces to which access may be required, have fumigated cargoes been identified, and has the need for monitoring of atmosphere been agreed by ship and terminal? Have the cargo handling capacity and any limits of travel for each Loader/unloader been passed to the ship/terminal? Loaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Loaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Loaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Has a cargo loading or unloading plan been calculated for all stages of loading /deballasting or unloading/ballasting? Copy lodged withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ SHIP TERMINAL Have the holds to be worked been clearly identified in the loading or unloading plan, showing the sequence of work, and the grade and tonnage of cargo to be transferred each time the hold is worked? Has the need for trimming of cargo in the holds been discussed, and have the methods and extent been agreed? Do both ship and terminal understand and accept that if the ballast programme becomes out of step with the cargo operation, it will be necessary to suspend cargo operation until the ballast operation has caught up? Have the intended procedure for removing cargo residues lodged in the holds while unloading, been explained to the ship and accepted? 20. Have the procedures to adjust the final trim of the loading ship been decided and agreed? Tonnage held by the terminal conveyer systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Has the terminal been advised of the time required for the ship to prepare for sea, on completion of cargo work? THE ABOVE HAS BEEN AGREED: Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ For shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. For terminalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Rankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Position/Titleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Works Cited IMO, (1998), BLU Code, pp.22-25 GYPSUM A natural hydrated calcium sulphate. Insoluble in water. It is loaded as a fine powder that aggregates into lumps. Average moisture content is 1% to 2%. Characteristics Angle of repose Bulk density(kg/m3) St. Factor (m3) N.A. 1282 to 1493 0.67 to 0.78 Size Class Group Up to 100mm N.A. C Hazard: No special hazard. This cargo is non-combustible or has a low fire-risk. Hold cleanliness: No special requirement. Weather precautions: This cargo is to be kept as dry as possible. It shall not be handled during precipitation. All non working holds in which the cargo is loaded or to be loaded to be kept closed. Loading: Trim in accordance with sections 4 5 of the IMSBC CODE. Precautions: No special requirements. Ventilation: No special requirements. Carriage: No special requirements. Discharge: No special requirements. Clean up: Prior to washing of this cargo, decks and cargo spaces should be shovelled and swept clean because washing of the cargo is difficult. Loaded voyage Hatch covers should be secured battened down for sea and water tight. Booby hatches holds ventilation flaps to be secured and should be water tight. Works Cited (2009), IMSBC Code, pp. 176 Information Provided by Shipper Prior to loading of any cargo the shipper provides the master with information necessary for the safe planning and supervision of loading of the cargo. A declaration is made by the shipper related to the cargo in compliance with the recommendation of the BC Code. Along with the MSDS, information provided consists of: Shippers name Reference numbers Consignee Description of cargo (type of material/particle size etc.) Stowage factor Specification of cargo (IMO class, Ems No. Etc.) Angle of repose Chemical properties Relevant special properties of cargo Additional certificates, if required such as TML and moisture content, exemption certificate etc. Works Cited IMO, (1998) BLU Code, pp. 32 MSDS FOR GYPSUM 1. Product Identification Synonyms: Alabaster, Gypsum stone, Land plaster, Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate, Native calcium sulphate. CAS No.: 13397-24-5 2. Composition/Information on Ingredients Ingredient CAS No Percent Hazardous Gypsum 13397-24-5 90 99% No 3. Hazards Identification Toxic Harmful by inhalation (contains crystalline silica). Mineral Formulae: CaSo42H2O Emergency Overview It is an off white, odourless powder. It is not combustible or explosive. Short term exposure to the powder poses no hazard. Potential Health Effects - Inhalation: May causes irritation to the respiratory tract and choking depending on the degree of exposure. Ingestion: Do not ingest. Small quantities are not known to be harmful but large quantities can cause an obstruction causing pain in the digestive tract. Skin Contact: May cause irritation, dry skin and discomfort. Eye Contact: May cause immediate or delayed irritation or inflammation. With large amounts it can cause eye irritation, redness. Eye exposure requires immediate first aid. Chronic Exposure (inhalation): The product contains crystalline silica which with prolonged or repeated inhalation can cause disabling and fatal lung disease. Silicosis (prolonged inhalation of crystalline silica) increases risk of tuberculosis. Some studies show an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease in workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica. Medical Conditions aggravated by exposure: Individuals with lung disease can cause aggregation by exposure. 4. First Aid Measures Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Seek medical attention for discomfort or if coughing. Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting .If conscious have person drink plenty of water. Get medical attention. Skin Contact: Wash with cool water and mild skin detergent. Seek medical attention for rash, irritation and prolonged unprotected exposure to wet gypsum. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, including lower eyelids. Seek medical attention for abrasions and burns. 5. Fire Fighting Measures Fire: Poses no fire related hazard. General Hazard: Avoid breathing dust. Fire Extinguishing Media: Use any means suitable for extinguishing surrounding fire. Fire fighting Equipment: A SCBA is recommended to limit exposures to combustion products when fighting any fire. 6. Accidental Release Measures. Put spilled material in a container. Avoid actions causing it to become airborne. Avoid inhalation and contact with skin. Wear appropriate PPE at all times. Do not wash gypsum down sewage and drainage systems. 7. Handling and Storage General: Keep bulk gypsum dry until used. Engulfment hazard. To prevent burial or suffocation, do not enter confined space. Gypsum can build up or adhere to walls of confined space. It can release or fall unexpectedly. Do not stand on stockpiles of gypsum, they may be unstable. Usage: Cutting, crushing, sanding or other crystalline silica bearing materials will release respirable crystalline silica. Housekeeping: Avoid actions causing the gypsum to become airborne during clean up. Use all appropriate measures of dust control or suppression. Clothing: Promptly remove and launder clothing that is dusty or wet with gypsum. Wash skin after exposure to gypsum. 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Engineering Controls: Use local exhaust or other suppression methods to maintain dust levels. Skin Protection: Wear protective gloves, boot covers and clean body-covering clothing. Remove clothing and protective equipment that becomes saturated with wet gypsum and wash exposed areas. Eye Protection: Wear approved safety goggles when handling dust or wet gypsum to prevent contact with eyes. Wearing contact lenses under dust conditions is not recommended. Respiratory Protection: Under ordinary conditions no respiratory protection is required. Wear a approved respirator when exposed to dust above exposure limits. 9. Physical and Chemical Properties Appearance: White or off-white powder. Odour: None Solubility in water: Negligible Specific Gravity: 2.3 g/cm3 pH: 5-8 Boiling Point: >1000 C Freezing Point: None, solid Vapour Density NA. Vapour Pressure NA. Evaporation Rate NA. 10. Stability and Reactivity Stability: Stable. Avoid contact with incompatible materials. Hazardous Decomposition: Decomposes to sulphur oxide and calcium oxide above 1450 C Hazardous Polymerization: None. Incompatibilities: Gypsum is incompatible with acids. It contains silicates which may react with powerful oxidizers such as fluorine, chlorine trifluoride and oxygen difluoride. 11 and 12. Toxicological and Ecological Information Refer to contact information provided. 13. Disposal Considerations Dispose of waste and containers in compliance with applicable Federal, state, provincial and local regulations. Works Cited www.lafarge-na.com (Accessed: 16 November 2010) PREPARATION OF HOLDS On completion of discharge the mate decides on the procedure for cleaning of the holds on basis of time, manpower and next cargo to be loaded. Some cargoes require certain precautions in relation to cleaning of the holds. Gypsum on the other had requires no special preparation. Prior to commencement of cleaning it should be ensured that minimum amount of cargo is left behind by the stevedores. In the early stages of discharge of cargo like wheat when there are interruptions crew members can be sent into the hold to clean positions high under the deck head which will not be accessible during the later stages. This should only be done when there is no cargo working in the hold and it has been ascertained that there is no risk to the crew members. Before commencing work it should be ensured the cargo space is fully ventilated and a Permit to Work obtained. All crew to have proper PPE and safety equipment. The holds are to be swept prior washing in a manner whereby creating minimum dust clouds. The bilges should be checked so that no cargo has gotten in to them and if required get out the cargo before the completion of discharge. The stevedores should be requested to remove the sweepings gathered by the crew. If for reasons it is not possible it should then be stored in drums and kept ready for lifting by the ships cranes. When it is clear and permissible(taking account of the weather) to use the ships cranes the sweepings should be hoisted from the holds and stored on deck until such time when it would be possible to tip it overboard. Washing of holds is carried out by using sea water .Hand held hoses are used for this along with a water cannon. This combination uses compressed air to inject more pressure into the water from the mains. This provides a powerful jet which helps in better cleaning reaches high extremities of the holds. The washing sequence starts at the top of the holds and works down towards. Simultaneously a separate party of seamen will wash the hatch covers and comings with the help of hand held hoses. During this process the water should not be allowed to accumulate on the tank top. The bilges should be run continuously. A slight list to either side and maintaining a stern trim is the most effective method to aid in washing. Communication should be maintained with the bridge or the cargo control room to aid with the above. Once the higher extremities of the holds are washed the tank top is then hosed down to wash off the cargo residue and any dirt. The sounding pipes should also be flushed during washing as neglect of this over time causes the pipes to become blocked. When the salt water washing is complete traces of salt remain on the surface of the hold. If this is allowed to remain it helps in corrosion and is also not acceptable by most surveyors which is why the holds should be rinsed with fresh water. This rinsing also aids in accelerating the drying process. The drying of holds is usually carried out by natural ventilation, time permitting. If vessel is at sea and the waters are relatively calm the hatches can be opened up to speed up the process. The puddles formed by depressions in the tank top are sponged or mopped up by the crew. The water accumulated between the manhole surface and the lid will also have to be dried. The hold bilges should be drained of the unpumpable water, cleaned along with the strum boxes and then dried as well. Once the holds have dried an inspection should be carried out. Loose rust scales if found should be scrapped and cleared. Look for any cargo residue which may be spotted from the hold ladder high up. Bulk heads, tank tops are clean to touch. Look for any residues beneath manhole cover plates and behind pipes. Outlets for the CO2 system should be checked to ensure they are not blocked. If time permits DB tanks can be pressed up to check for any leakages in the holds. Holds to be also checked for damages in case they were missed out during discharge and if found recorded. Also if any maintenance as per the PMS or repair work needs to be carried out should be attended to, time permitting and recorded. A chalk test or a hose test can be carried out to check the water tight integrity of the hatch covers and any repairs if required and then logged. The final preparation would consist of resealing the manhole covers with duct tape. The bilge plate should be bur lapped and replaced to prevent the cargo from falling into the bilge. This system also allows the water to drain in the bilge. In the hold used for heavy weather ballast the gaskets along with the bolting of the watertight cover plate over the ballast suction should be checked. Works Cited South Tyneside College Notes. Isbester, J (1993), Bulk Carrier Practice HAZARDS ASSOCIATING WHEAT GYPSUM PRECAUTIONS Wheat: Is capable of self combustion due the gases given off. Dust is a major factor as it can affect personnel on deck with regard to respiration and cause irritation if it goes into the eyes. On exposure to wheat dust, personnel may also suffer from wheat rash. It can also affect the ships ventilation system if proper filters are not in place. The free flowing characteristics can reduce stability of a vessel caused by free surface effect (in partially filled holds) similar to liquids in partially filled tanks. Due to movement of the vessel the wheat is likely to shift to a side causing a list or even a possibility of capsizing the vessel. In cases where wheat requires fumigation in the form of pellets, gases or sprays all personnel to be made aware of the poisonous characteristics they pose and precautions to be taken. Precautions: All personnel on deck during cargo operations to be donned with proper PPE at all times, including disposable dust masks and safety goggles. Loading to be carried out as low as possible in holds to minimise dust. Wheat cargo has to be kept dry at all times and any form of water ingress has to be avoided to prevent damage to the cargo. As far as possible wheat should be avoided being loaded by partially filling holds. Where a vessel has partially filled holds she should be trimmed level in order to prevent shift of cargo. The surface of the partially filled holds should be secured by approved methods as mentioned in the IMO-grain rules. These methods used are strapping, lashing, saucering, over stowing and securing with wire mesh. In case fumigation is to be carried out on board the master is to be provided about details and precautions to be taken. The spaces to be fumigated have to have warning signs displayed. It is to be carried out by competent shore personnel. In cases where ships staffs presence is required during this operation, it has to be ensured that adequate respiratory protection is worn. Ventilation is required to a great extent to prevent condensation and removal of heat. The total weight of wheat should not exceed one-third of the ships deadweight. GM of 0.30 meters to be maintained or as given by formulae in the BC Code, whichever is greater. During discharge precautions to be taken by stevedores when using hydraulic equipment and grabs so that oil from such equipment does not damage the cargo. Gypsum: This type of cargo is generally not classified as a hazardous cargo. Airborne dust may cause irritation or inflammation to eyes. It could be harmful by inhalation depending on the level and duration of exposure as it contains crystalline silica. It could also cause skin discomfort to a certain level. It poses an engulfment hazard are personnel are advised not to stand on stock piles. It can also adhere to walls and can collapse and fall unexpectedly. Precautions: All personnel on deck during cargo operations to be donned with proper PPE at all times, including disposable dust masks and approved safety goggles. Actions to be avoided which can cause gypsum to become airborne. Bulk gypsum is to be kept dry until used as it tends to cake when in contact with water. It is recommended not to wash gypsum down sewage and drainage systems. Works Cited www.lafarge-na.com (Accessed: 16 November 2010) South Tyneside college notes MCA, MGN 284 (M+F) Swadi, D (2nd Edtn.), Cargo Notes IMO, International Grain Code LIFTING PLANT In order to have any equipment or machinery working effectively on board vessels a Planned Maintenance System should be in place and in effect. From an inspection of this maintenance record it is easy to keep track of details like when was the maintenance done last, what was done, when is it due next, what materials are required, how many man hours etc. The reason for this planning is so that we have the necessary tools, spares and consumables on board in advance prior to undertaking maintenance. The basic requirements of lifting plants are:- To keep the equipment in safe and good working order To maintain supporting documentation for the above. The main aspects of lifting plant maintenance are: Routine Inspection and Maintenance In addition to statutory inspections routine inspections are to be carried out by a competent person to asses if the plant is safe for continued use looking for problems like: Cracking at welds. Damaged/Missing grease nipples. Hydraulic oil leakage from motors. Worn or damaged wires. Corrosion. Missing markings. Lack of greasing and oiling. Defects to structure and fittings. Swivels that may not be rotating freely. Loose connection and gap between rails. All maintenance is carried out as per manufacturers instructions which also specify the time period (e.g. Weekly, monthly, yearly and before and after use).Prior to operation all control units, alarms, limit switches and joysticks should be operated and checked. If the plant is in regular use checks required by the external surveys should be done more by ships competent staff more often than once a year, even thou regulations require only an annual survey. Operation by Trained Personnel All vessels lifting plant should be operated by trained and certified personnel to avoid damages and improper use of the equipment. Trained personnel should also be appointed to direct the plant operator using approved hand signals as contained in COSWP. Testing Of Lifting Plant As per the manufacturers instructions the testing and certification of the lifting plant should be carried out at maximum intervals of 5 years. This testing is initially carried out after manufacture and installation of the plant at the ship yard under supervision of a competent person from the ship yard. The test is carried out using an approved proof load exceeding the SWL as specified under the merchant shipping regulations. This test is also required to be carried out if: Any repairs or modifications have been done which is likely to affect the SWL or the strength or stability of the equipment. Prior using any crane which has been idle for more than 6 months If it has been involved in an accident or mishap. Rigging Plan The rigging plans should be available at times along with sufficient technical details like: SWL of all fittings A means of identification Boom limiting angles Instructions for replacing wires and sheaves Dismantling procedures Erection procedures Certification and reports The master is to ensure that a certificate is on board within 28 days of a statutory test or examination for at least 2 years following receipt of next certificate. They are to be kept readily available on board for any dock worker using the ships plant. A register of lifting appliances along with items of loose gear are also kept on board. Works Cited Swadi, D (2009), Cargo Notes Dickie Short, Crane Hand book

The Structural Frame for Merck & Co., Inc.

In 1994, Merck & Co., Inc. hired Ray Gilmore as CEO to help survive the turmoil of the pharmaceutical industry. Gilmore followed a structural frame capitalize on the strong technical tradition of Merck & Co., Inc. who attained a powerful scientific engine. While Vagelos acted as CEO, Merck maintained a strong structure frame through the domination of the company's senior Research and Development (R&D) scientists with strong support from company CEO. When Gilmartin became Merck's CEO, he replaced the two executive vice president positions with a larger Management Committee (MC). MC was directed to improve the company's business processes to build cross-functional skills rather than restructure company organization. Gilmartin expressed his structural frame through the redefinition of employees' roles and relations to rid the company of its functional and divisional barriers. Gilmartin's structural face could also be seen in his creation of Worldwide Business Strategy Teams (WBSTs) to expand individual managers' thinking, planning and actions beyond existing functional areas. The teams were composed of members from all different functional divisions of the company. Gilmartin's structural frame activities improved Merck's planning and resource allocation through cross-functional business processes. The Human Resource Frame for Merck & Co., Inc.: The human resource frame is evident in Merck tradition of high ethical standards since many of the company employees had a higher purpose to save lives. The company CEO proclaimed â€Å"We try never to forget that medicine is for the people. It is not the profits. The profits follow, and if we have remembered that, they never failed to appear.†[1] The company also maintained a cultural image in parallel with its academic image. Company scientists and clinicians were addressed as â€Å"Doctor.† Gilmartin created his symbolic frame by interviewing employees across the company about their views on major issues facing Merck. He cleared the confusion and ambiguity concerning the lack of strategic thinking and clear vision.   He further enhanced employee communication by the initiation of a comprehensive internal review of the issues facing the company by interviewing 800 employees across Merck's functional areas. Gilmartin activities of human resource created a very positive view of Merck's strategy among company employees. One manager said â€Å"We have a clear direction now.† Employees made much progress on management and leadership development. Stakeholders of Vioxx: A number of stakeholders were involved in the Vioxx medicine recalling incident of Merck & Co., Inc. in 2004. Internal stakeholders were Merck & Co., Inc. Company employees and Merck & Co., Inc. company shareholders. External stakeholders were the patients who took the medicine, and the United States Health Department. Negative Impact of the recall of the Vioxx drug to Stockholders: The Merck & Co., Inc. stock was considered dead money in 2004 in expectation to the number of lawsuits filed against the company over safety concerns of the drug. If Merck & Co., Inc. loses the cases, it faces a potentially huge cost from the reimbursements to patients as well as payments for ongoing medical monitoring of people who took Vioxx. The recalling of Vioxx caused an annual decrease income of $2.5 billion. Following the of the announcement of the recall, investors dumped Merck & Co., Inc. shares causing a 30% decrease to reach the lowest closing price in more than eight years. The recall would cut the $1.52 annual dividend and shave at least 50 cents a share, or 16%, off the $3.14 share analysts expected the company to earn in 2004. Recommendation to Mitigate the Recall of Vioxx: Merck & Co., Inc. should seek the production and marketing of innovative products to increase its sales in response to the decrease caused by the recall of Vioxx. In an attempt to improve its public image and ethical stance, Merck & Co., Inc. should relieve some of its senior management who might have been responsible for production of Vioxx. The within punishment of its own top management would convince the public of the commitment to higher ethical standards. [1] George W. Merck, the son of the company's U.S. founder quoted in â€Å"Merck Sharp & Dohame, A brief history,† Merck & Co., Inc,. 1992, p. 18.

Analysis Of The Novel The Sun Also Rises - 1272 Words

The Portrayal of Human Relationship in Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises Hemingway carried the style and attitude of his short stories into his first great novel The Sun Also Rises (1926). He dedicated this novel to his first wife, Hedley Richardson. The novel divided into three books and which also divided into several chapters. The novel begins in Paris, France, moves to Pamplona, Spain and concludes in Madrid, Spain. The Sun Also Rises portrayed the lives of the members of the Lost Generation. The Lost generation was the group of men and women whose early adulthood was consumed by world war I. the war upset many people’s beliefs in traditional values of love, faith and manhood. During the war those who worked in the war suffered great moral and psychological aimlessness. The unsuccessful looking for meaning in the wake of the Great War shapes the novel The Sun Also Rises. Although the characters rarely mention the war directly its effects haunts everything they do and say. Hemingway opens the novel with Gertrude Stein’s words, â€Å"you are the lost generation†. It is a line taken from Ecclesiastes in which the title â€Å"The Sun Also Rises† appeared. Hemingway himself was a part that had real motivation or guidance in their lives. The lost generation people were coped with the war through their artistic elements. In this novel, The Sun Also Rises Hemingway presented all the characters are also â€Å"lost† like him because they had no aim or purpose in like except gettingShow MoreRelated Ernest Hemingway Essay868 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Marvel â€Å"One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh; but the earth abideth forever . . . The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to the place where he arose . . . 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Those six words by Gertrude Stein act as a foreword for the novel, a story about a wandering group of expatriates, drowning their sorrows in liquor and bullfights and glittering Paris lights, but also as the defining label for an entire generation of doomed youth coming to age in a society deeply affected by World War I’s atrocities, characterizedRead More Hemingway and Fitzgerald Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesFitzgerald Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, the parties of one of the most famously infamous relationships in literary history met for the first time in late April 1925 at The Dingo Bar, a Paris hangout for the bohemian set. In his novel A Moveable Feast (published posthumously) Hemingway describes his first impressions of Fitzgerald: â€Å"The first time I ever met Scott Fitzgerald a very strange thing happened. Many strange things happened with Scott, but this one I was never ableRead MoreTheme Analysis of The Good Earth by Pearl S. 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